The system is running at less than optimal gain state, so light load conversion efficiency at light load conditions will also fall

The maximum inductance to satisfy this condition can be obtained from the following equation: When the drive circuit 600 volt fluorescent light, the efficiency curve of a multilayer PZT has a push-pull topology. When the input voltage is low, the conversion efficiency is higher than 85%; at high input voltage, the conversion efficiency decreases with the decrease in gain of PZT. Magnetic and  circuit breakers , the linear approach to reducing the fluorescent lamp dimming to reduce work efficiency. In the magnetic circuit of the transformer, the loss due to the circulating current in the resonant circuit with the generated electric current  mcb circuit breaker  the fluorescent lamp and maintain independent constant, the decrease in the conversion efficiency at light loads. In PZT circuit, since the system is running under light load conditions below the optimum gain state, the light load  Voltage stabilizer  efficiency will fall. Light load efficiency of these two circuits can be improved using pulse dimming technology. This method can visually sensed higher than the frequency modulation of the duty cycle by on / off control the average current of the fluorescent lamp, the fluorescent lamp working at full load current.

Magnetic transformer circuit, the circuit frequency of the PZT-based, rather than the current duty cycle to control the fluorescent lamp

Magnetic transformer circuit , the circuit frequency of the PZT -based , rather than the duty cycle to control the fluorescent lamp . UCC3977 between the COMP pin with a pin and OSC formed programmable voltage controlled oscillator. The VCO operating frequency range for the system settings , the frequency range of the excitation frequency must PZT and the normal operating frequency is included . FB pin fluorescent lamp  electric meter  , and through PZT gain versus frequency characteristics can be controlled. PZT gain  electri cenergy meter  to be able to provide the minimum input voltage at the fluorescent lamp voltage, in order to ensure the control loop is always in the right side of the resonance . Work waveform push-pull circuit. N1 and N2 at 50% duty cycle is driven to generate the phase shift. Inductor L1 and L2  Circuit breaker  PZT primary capacitance , drain the N1 and S2 form a half sine wave. In the PZT voltage obtained across the primary near sinusoidal . Fluorescent voltage close to 600 volts in this application . Since the ceramic transformer has a high Q value, the voltage of the fluorescent lamp is a sine wave . To achieve zero- voltage switching , the drain voltage of the next switching cycle must return to zero before. This requires that the LC resonance frequency must be higher than the switching frequency.

The voltage gain of the transformer secondary winding through the turns ratio between the primary coil and

The voltage gain of the transformer can be determined by the turns ratio N2/N1 between the primary coil and the secondary coil of the transformer and the current gain is also related with N1/N2. In the design of the circuit for CCFL transformer primary inductance of the primary and turns the external capacitor resonant circuit formed by the transformer needed to decide. Secondary turns should be guaranteed to start  electric meter  lamps provide a high enough voltage. Secondary turns usually require high magnetic core has a large window area. As the high pressure primary and secondary isolation requirements between duty, CCFL transformer  Air circuit breaker  usually higher. This transformer is used as a sine wave, which only reduces the effective  Voltage stabilizer  of the turns ratio, and no switching spikes. Other problems associated with magnetic transformers also include the need to shield stray magnetic fields, as well as the potential arc fault condition at the time of the next level voltage control generated.

Magnetic transformer may be thicker, heavier and more inefficient

For the next generation of portable fluorescent display enclosure and become thinner , therefore , creates a demand for thin CCFL power supply . Thanks to the development of magnetic ceramic piezoelectric transformers and transformer , we can create a more efficient , smaller backlight converter. Select the transformer depends on the cost , size and efficiency , and several other factors . For example , at a given power level lower than the piezoelectric transformer , the transformer may be magnetic thicker , heavier and less efficient , but it also has a greater load range and a lower cost advantage . For the PZT transformer , the operation of the sine of its inherent characteristics . In addition, it has a high excitation voltage , non-flammable and non- electromagnetic noise , etc. . A transformer for example 3-4W laptop . About the high-frequency magnetic transformer transformer works by a  mcb circuit breaker  core and a plurality of coils wound on the composition . Transitions occur between the energy flux and the magnetic core. This energy exchange is a function of current and voltage of the integral : Energy = ∫ I Vdt = ∫ H dB change in flux density in the core can be used and the field intensity is expressed ; current in the coil can also be used , to express the change of voltage and time . The magnetic flux density and V - second proportional and  power transformers  to the number of turns of the coil and the core cross-sectional area . Calculated according to Faraday 's law : current and number of turns is proportional to the intensity and the field , and inversely proportional to the length of the coil . According to Ampere 's law , it can be expressed as : The relationship between the flux density and field strength determined by the magnetic permeability of the core ;

Mine vacuum electromagnetic starter coal mine power supply system is the key equipment

Mine vacuum electromagnetic starter is one of the key equipment in coal mine power supply system, it directly affects the reliability and safety of coal power production system, so the development of high  Voltage stabilizer  electromagnetic starter has a very important  Circuit breaker . In the development of multi-loop vacuum mining electromagnetic starter controller, enabling multiple combinations of mine control and protection of large two-speed or single speed motor. Mine development and current  mcb circuit breaker  electromagnetic starter. For motor overload protection established motor heating, cooling mathematical model, proposed the use of software to simulate the temperature rise of the protection methods; analyzing the characteristics of small ground fault currents based on the application of the principle of zero sequence power direction herein Select grounded branch; addition, overvoltage, undervoltage were analyzed and the corresponding protective measures. According to the site conditions, determine the control mode controller, developed a general scheme of the controller.

With the development of mechanical and electrical industry, electricity systems are becoming increasingly complex

With the development of mechanical and electrical industry, electrical systems become more complex, the traditional contactor or starter demanding. In order to meet the electricity  air circuit breaker , intelligent demand, electrical factory in developed countries with a wide use of computer technology to develop multi-functional. Intelligent, high-performance, high-reliability magnetic contactors and electromagnetic starter. Its main feature is mechatronics, computer technology will be introduced  mcb circuit breaker  control appliances, on the one hand to meet the requirements of the basic functions of traditional appliances, on the other hand the control of intelligent appliances, in particular, can increase the variety of functions, such as protection monitoring communication function, can be used for the separation of electricity network system components.

Excitation contacts between the armature and the core working air gap is too large

Diesel use that often appear overly excited contactor LC action lags, or the master controller handle a blade and electric control contactor operation after only a few field contactor pull, sometimes even exceeding 35 or more, resulting in mistaken crew electrical fault in the process of elimination in the field contactor suddenly pull away car,   mcb circuit breaker crew working to bring some difficulties . Cause : Auxiliary interlock -delay . Excitation contacts between the armature and the core working air gap is too large. Activities are not flexible and exciter armature contactor moving contact and arc chute connected to ground caused by excitation contactor guilty cards. Field contactor auxiliary starting coil  air circuit breaker  or anti- interlock contacts being exposed . Analysis: field contactor switched on only after all the only action , if one is turned slowly interlocking coil is energized will cause lag . Auxiliary contacts connected, breaking contacts by electrically controlled solenoid valve on the air cylinder control contact air source to achieve, it is sometimes due to poor lubrication, air cylinder , electronically controlled contactor guilty card , electronic control contacts on the electrically controlled valve stem wear due to prolonged use too short , thimble or curved top side , so that the compressed air into the pneumatic air cylinder device channel becomes smaller ;

Create mechanical system simulation model of the structure

A solid modeling functions can complete the modeling of a simple structure, but for the mechanical system is relatively complex structures, it is difficult to obtain ideal model. In order to establish a more accurate three-dimensional model, must be combined with other 3D modeling software to build the structure of the mechanical system  mcb circuit breaker . Use modeling software UG, UG software can realize the concept of product design, industrial design, three-dimensional model design, analysis and calculation, dynamic modeling and simulation, engineering drawing output, etc., and has been widely used in aerospace, automotive,  electric transformer , shipbuilding , numerical control (NC) machining, medical devices and electronics and many other fields. Using ANSYS software to the AC electromagnetic contactor dimensional model, using UG software to establish a three-dimensional model bevel gear, but has yet to see software to establish communication with UG three-dimensional model of electromagnetic contactor.

Permanent magnet material properties change will inevitably affect the performance of contactor operation

Magnet contactor by conventional electromagnetic contactor evolved a new contactor, it uses the new works, to overcome the traditional electromagnetic contactor energy consumption, operating noise, by the impact of the grid voltage and large shortcomings. However, the performance of permanent magnetic materials susceptible to temperature effects and changes in material properties of permanent magnet contactor operation will inevitably affect the performance. Traditional  Circuit breaker  contactor development for a long time, the theory and dynamic characteristics of more mature. But now on permanent contact with the dynamic characteristic simulation research literature is relatively small, and did not consider at different  Voltage stabilizer  impact of changes in material properties. Therefore, this paper developed for the laboratory's permanent nominal current 63A contactors, considering different temperature changes in performance permanent magnetic materials, the establishment of the finite element model and the simulation model, at different temperatures Magnet contactor operating characteristic simulation analysis work, get action performance curve.

Contactor main contacts prone to erosion or welding Symptom

In the machine tool equipment electrical maintenance practice, often encounter such a fault , that bear cage type motor forward and reverse control relay - contactor main contacts prone to  air circuit breaker  or welding failure phenomenon . The reason is nothing more than the main circuit or motor load , line occurred phase , overcurrent , overvoltage , overload and short circuit , or main contact capacity is too small , the device intrinsic poor quality, poor performance interrupter contacts , or action too frequent , and other mechanical factors . As a general rule , the causes of such failures are mostly obvious faults are relatively easy to exclude . But for other failure reasons, many maintenance personnel tend to notice , such as the device 's own action delay caused by the failure of its  mcb circuit breaker  device characteristics are mainly caused by differences contacts competitive mistakes, resulting in a system control the disorder causes the main contacts ablation or welding . For brief , it can do a simple closed  electric meter  test . See Figure back below. As we all know , the relay - contactor operation of its contacts off characteristics , always follow such a principle ; namely when the coil is energized regardless of the release will or power of the moment, by its own structural reasons , The control break before make contacts all follow the principles .

Street iron yoke plate between prolapse and changed the working air gap

Main contactor air cylinder and electric control valve leakage that insufficient air pressure, contactors slow movement; also electrically controlled contactor air cylinder and poor  Voltage stabilizer . Li ti excitation contactor iron working air gap between the core is too large: one is the field contactor coil and yoke gasket between the core mounting bolts loose or loose; second is the street between the iron yoke plate  mcb circuit breaker  and changed the working air gap. Activities are not flexible and exciter armature contactor moving contact arc hood connected with day wear caused by excitation contactor guilty cards. Analysis from the field  power transformers  part of the circuit can be seen only switched on only after all the action, if the three of them turned slowly interlocking coil is energized will cause lag.

Normal operation as the main power switch on the AC contactor

In use there, the normal closing operation as a total power 4OA AC contactor, and then operate a motor closing any other AC contactor, the total supply of both the control Bo OA AC contactor is disconnected. Disconnect motor circuit without load at startup, this  mcb circuit breaker  still exists. Therefore array analysis in machine electric stick into the line terminals, check with voltage tester has power display, with three-phase AC voltage meter to check the line voltage, phase voltage are in line  air circuit breaker . AC contactor without 4OA as the main power control, respectively, with AC contactor control 4 motors can work, but at the same time start two or more motors, the AC  electric transformer  on the trip. And starting with the direct method, you can also start the four electric motors. Find the above analysis, the total power and time lines identified no problems, the fault should be out in the second line.

Commonly used mobile substation high voltage isolation, low feed control mode

With the development of mining automation technology for coal mine power system reliability, security and continuity of the increasingly high demand . However, the original use of coal mine mobile substation high and low side switches with many problems . First of all, high and low voltage flameproof existing domestic leakage  mcb circuit breaker  malfunction different levels prevailing situation , not only caused a lot of unnecessary face power outage , but also to find the point of failure workers bring great trouble , serious affected production . Secondly, the original use of domestic coal mine with a commonly used mobile substation high voltage isolation , low feed control mode. High pressure switch is load switch , not breaking fault current ; low pressure side of the vacuum feed switch , breaking current is large . As well as to the low voltage winding transformer  Voltage stabilizer  failure can not be breaking the dead zone . Again, most do not have an existing switch network communication function , the workers only for high-voltage switch for close viewing and operation. To solve the above problems, the design and development project based on PLC control intelligent protection  electric meter  substation with high and low side switches. High voltage distribution switchgear with vacuum circuit breakers, low-voltage side of the feeder switch is not installed electrical protection box . High voltage distribution switch with overload, short circuit, phase , overvoltage , undervoltage, overtemperature protection function

High-voltage electrical equipment electrical porcelain importance and performance in the earthquake

Porcelain columnar sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker for the study, carried out shaking table test and finite element analysis , the establishment of an effective system of electrical porcelain electrical equipment ( including shock absorbers, wire ) finite element model and the corresponding computational analysis method to study the seismic performance of high voltage electrical equipment and conductors for electrical equipment shock absorbers and seismic performance.  air circuit breaker  and obtained findings : porcelain -type high voltage electrical equipment and its importance in the earthquake performance. Damage data indicate that the high-voltage electrical equipment electrical porcelain damage is caused by high voltage grid system to destroy the key point, and the destruction of such  mcb circuit breaker  due to equipment damage caused by brittle ceramic column section . Accordingly, the seismic performance of such equipment in the past  Voltage stabilizer  on research ceramic column . According porcelain high-voltage electrical equipment as well as the structural features of the device at run-time state shows that the factors that affect the seismic performance of the device include: ceramic column , the connection between the ceramic column flange, equipment support , shock absorption and isolation device equipment , the wires between devices . This departure from these factors , summarizes the current research on these factors and problems , and identifies research content .

Maintenance of high voltage electrical switch gradually find methods and means stability

High-voltage electrical switch in the power system as a whole, an important part of our country safe and stable operation of power systems play an important and decisive role, but also directly affect the electrical safety of users. In order to maintain the stability of  mcb circuit breaker , people also began to attach importance to the stability of high-voltage electrical switch problem. Therefore, the power system workers also began by analyzing the stability of high-voltage electrical switchgear factors to gradually find maintaining the stability of high-voltage electrical  power transformers  and methods. Stability of high-voltage electrical switch basic status of high-voltage electrical switch of the power system as an important part, with the use of a wide range and number of features, its electric meter can give the entire power system operation caused by the security and stability the most direct impact of the development of high-voltage electrical switch China's electric power system operation and quality are closely related.

Electrical properties, oxidation resistance is poor, but good antioxidant susceptibility

Transformer oil to replace the electrical switch oil , which can not meet the required electrical switch oil insulating properties and low temperature properties .  electri cenergy meter  equipment is running , the occurrence of short-circuit current , oil often produce large amounts of free carbon , oil blackened , dielectric strength would drop dramatically ; short-circuit breaking generally occurs twice , it is necessary to stop oil treatment equipment , and thus had to frequently change oil , increasing fuel consumption . Dushanzi oil refinery production breaker  mcb circuit breaker , in particular the rare , far from meeting market demand. French import breaker better quality oil , but the variation in viscosity , slow settling of free carbon , colloid state easily , difficult to remove . Cycloalkane has good electrical properties, poor oxidation resistance , but the susceptibility of good antioxidants , and generally low pour point is an ideal  Voltage stabilizer  the insulating oil . So are the first choice of the world production of crude oil naphthenic insulating oil . Because less naphthenic crude oil reserves , so it developed from the middle of the base , even from the paraffin-based oil producing electrical switches . To meet the high-voltage electrical switch oil oil needs , we hydrogenated oils, benzene as raw material, developed in line with specifications SH/T0205-92 electrical switch oil, which are high-grade lubricants .

High voltage switching device is a transmission and distribution systems from the control and protection of the most important electrical equipment

National Grid to increase investment by the market economy, many factories have launched production of switching equipment. Where high pressure, high-voltage switchgear is transmission and distribution systems from the control and protection of the most important electrical equipment, is supported by the state major machinery and  mcb circuit breaker , revitalize national industry shoulder the historic mission. West Electric Group, Xi'an Switch Factory million volt level product assembly project for the steel construction. The project has outstanding characteristics, concentrated light steel, heavy steel lattice, grid, color plate roofing,  electric transformer , etc., due to process causes more building partitions, design and construction of complex, changing shape. Project Overview West Electric Group Western Cape million volt level product assembly project, with a total construction area of ​​20000m2, due to the production process is divided into eight  power transformers  segmentation, the main plant with a steel form. Buildings highest elevation 41m, maximum span of 60m. The main structure in the form of steel plants, including H light steel, lattice steel columns, grid and so on.

Flameproof enclosure by a lever on the brass sleeve requires co-ordinated with copper sleeve

Button ring groove on the rod-proof products, many manufacturers now shell and front cover has a variety of button, the button bar is often used form of ring, ring effect is that once the explosion occurred inside the enclosure, the pressure acting on the button bar ends, the ring can be introduced to prevent the button rod outer shell, thus avoiding the formation of the button bar missing booster channels. It  electric meter , taken from a mechanical manual investigation groove depth is small, if roots unclear bottom pressure in the circular ring will follow the axial sliding movement relative to the button bar, the loss of a ring effect.  power transformers , the design of the groove depth should be appropriate bigger, processing bottom should pay attention to clean the root, or simply use the pin structure is more reliable. About flameproof enclosure by a lever on the brass  Voltage stabilizer  co-ordinated with copper sleeve, copper sleeve is an interference fit with the housing, and the joystick is clearance fit. Copper sets the amount of interference should not be too large, should be controlled not more than 0.05mm, copper sleeve wall thickness should not be less than 2.5mm.

Electrical Design violate or deviate from the design specification With the popularity of various household appliances

Electrical construction electrical design basis is the most important documents, the main factors affecting the quality of the project are : the design file is executed in strict accordance with state regulations, the depth of the design and construction documents relevant professional close coordination between the degree . Therefore, the electrical design of the whole project a top priority. Decline in quality design is particularly serious in recent years . There may be multiple reasons , such as the design of the vicious competition, lower prices between companies , making the design units to reduce inputs in order to reduce costs and so on. However,  air circuit breaker  , as long as the design unit attached importance recurrent organizational design personnel to learn the relevant design standards and strengthening the design process of supervision , emphasis on document review , you can basically solve such problems , but such small changes it can make project supervision and  Circuit breaker  will benefit. Electrical Design violate or deviate from the design specification With the popularity of  electri cenergy meter  appliances , low-voltage power high harmonic pollution is increasing , three times its odd harmonic multiples constitute neutral current , neutral overcurrent and thus lead to electrical fire phenomenon is also increasing . Another example is in the process of supervisory review found that the current figure is still part of the distribution area residents building design is still used in the 1980s has been introduced methods, equipment is very backward , technical means to keep up with the times, and prone to danger.

Correctly distinguish inrush and internal fault has been the focus of transformer protection

Power transformer is extremely important power system equipment, transformer differential protection is the main protection. Load switching or external short circuit fault clearing voltage generated when a  power transformers  current recovery, the size of a few comparable internal fault currents. Can correctly distinguish inrush and  air circuit breaker  transformer protection has been the focus of a variety of magnetizing inrush current  Electric energy meter  method largely based on Kirchhoff's law, there is in principle a defect; several differential protection new theories, new technology also needs to be further improved in practice. With the increasing size of the power system, load tap more extensive application, which also produced a lot of problems related to.

Transformer inductive element showing the characteristics of

The capacitive power transformer ( referred CPT) made ​​a more detailed basic principles discussed in this paper on the basis of Intro -phase low-loss energy capacitive capacitive winding power transformers on the structure of the form of the third winding three-phase capacitive winding wiring, through no circuit tap on the regulation of  air circuit breaker  and other technical characteristics , and gives the basis of the power transformer design method on the CPT . main technical characteristics of the transformer core and by the the initial set on the core , secondary coil .  Circuit breaker  windings are wound copper wire . around the system determines whether it is primary or secondary , are the essence of an actual coil, the windings through the core is formed between the inductive coupling ,  Voltage stabilizer  is showing characteristics of the components , the power factor is of hysteresis . considering the many users of the power system for the induction motor , but also the inductive load , the power factor is lag , therefore, in order to improve the electricity network runtime power factor , the current practice is widely used in parallel electrical capacitor compensation , in order to reduce its lag phase , but there is a shunt power capacitors should not be ignored .

Fault tree diagnosis method is also known as fault tree analysis

Modern thermal power to keep the high-parameter, high-capacity, automated direction , while greatly improved plant efficiency , reduce costs , has brought huge economic benefits. On the other hand , once the equipment failure caused the loss will become Kazunari hundredfold  Voltage stabilizer  costs and time to grow exponentially. Thus, higher demands on equipment reliability , while eager to have a scientific and rational diagnostic theory and technology, the operational status of equipment for fast , accurate diagnosis , in order to ensure that the unit is not an accident, or if accident, to limit to a minimum . Fault tree  air circuit breaker  is also known as fault tree analysis method, is a failure of the system to the reasons for the formation by the general assembly by dendritic  mcb circuit breaker  refine methods of analysis. Fault tree diagnosis was " seeking the fruit because of" deductive analysis method was based on the failure to seek the cause of the process. The thesis of boiler fault diagnosis fault tree principle achievements of qualitative and quantitative methods, and rules . And according to Daqing Petrochemical Company Thermal Power Plant One boiler structure and technical characteristics of the boiler flue gas temperature is high , low, ash combustibles too large, such as boiler flue gas deflection establish fault and fault tree analysis.

Power Transformer Fault Diagnosis System

Power transformer complex structure, its failure in the form of complex. Traditional power transformer fault diagnosis method is offline transformer electrical test , this method is difficult to real-time fault detection and may cause excessive maintenance ; Another method is based on the analysis of dissolved gases in oil fault diagnosis method for the detection of faults is very valid, but can not locate the fault . Therefore, this research and the development of  mcb circuit breaker  fault diagnosis system . The main results paper : This paper presents fault tree-based support vector machine classifier design . First, the tree-based fault classifier used in the inverter fault diagnosis in the establishment phase inverter model and get 66 fault waveform using wavelet  electric transformer  singular value decomposition method to extract fault waveform characteristic value , and then use tree-based support vector machine waveform classification , the experimental results show that the tree-based support vector machines for  circuit breakers  timing sequence of more than 95% ; article will be based on fault tree support vector machine classifiers applied to the power transformer fault diagnosis the classifier can achieve the properties of the 10 transformer fault classification results show that the classification accuracy rate of 90 % or more.

Establish a complete system of electrochemical biosensor for the target

Biosensor application areas include medical testing, environmental monitoring, food safety and defense applications. This thesis is to create a complete electrochemical biosensor research system as the goal, making this system includes an electrode, the electrode modification and  electric meter  molecules fixed, electrochemical  Voltage stabilizer  methods to establish and develop miniaturized instrumentation, involving electrochemical biosensor implementation mechanism and application  air circuit breaker  of both studies, the specific states: I. Preparation of the biosensor electrode. By manual screen printing process to produce sheet type carbon electrode, as the majority of research work based on the biosensor electrode.

Multifunction key technology research Bolter Bolter is a new functional and structural design

The hydraulic impact rotary drilling and other characteristics, the subject has become a national infrastructure development are urgently needed. In response to this situation,  power transformers  of new full hydraulic multi-bolt rig, this thesis is derived from the subject of the research project, I was responsible for one of the research projects. Multifunctional  Voltage stabilizer  is the key technology features new Bolter and structural design, the whole machine's hydraulic system design and impact rotary drilling of oil in the hydraulic system simulation.

Open current zero crossing, which can effectively reduce the over-voltage and surge current impulses

Low-voltage contactors are the most widely used one of the electrical equipment , but the existing electrical contacts , the average life expectancy is only its mechanical life of 1 /10 to 1 /20. In the electricity sector, power switching capacitor contactor normally have to bear the huge inrush current and over- voltage shock , causing it  circuit breakers  to damage. Open / close as selected by the voltage / current zero crossing , which can effectively reduce the over-voltage and surge current shock , and extend the life of the electrical contacts , improve  electric transformer  and power quality , especially for power capacitors, motors and other conditions , if the split-phase adaptive control can effectively avoid the transient overvoltage and surge . Split-phase adaptive control of the basic concepts of adaptive control of the basic split-phase voltage zero crossing points are closed , current zero when disconnected. Its core is the use of  Voltage stabilizer  fast sampling , analysis and calculation and data storage advantages , give full consideration to a variety of mechanical switches to accept instructions from the actuator ( energized ) the action is completed ( contact closure or vice versa ) of the time, so contactor contacts are voltage zero crossing is closed off at current zero , to avoid transient over- voltage and surge current pair of contacts hazards , reducing contact wear.

Fault current protection function, can effectively reduce the scope of the accident

Pole circuit breakers for distribution lines exports segmented trunk, branch control such as the role of the switch, the current type SF6 circuit breakers and vacuum circuit breakers have two kinds. With the rapid development of power construction, pole circuit breaker has been widely used in the power system, it is easy to operate,  mcb circuit breaker  the operation of the distribution network flexibility, because of its fault current protection function, can effectively reduce the scope of the accident, shorten the search time of the accident, accident repair speed increase for reliable power supply to provide a strong guarantee. But in recent years, with the power of knowledge and electrically  Voltage stabilizer  popularity, many non-professionals (mainly distribution networks) have mastered the method of operation of the circuit breaker pole. For their own interests, often without the knowledge of the electricity sector, privately points on  electric transformer  operation, the power sector to the normal maintenance and repair work to bring great security risk. There are some criminals pole breaker operation is completed after stealing electrical equipment, causing great losses to the electricity sector. To solve the problem, we specialize in this phenomenon were summarized and analyzed, and fundamentally to be addressed.

Remote communications, such as one segment or automatic reclosers for the realization of true outdoor unattended substation provides an ideal product

High voltage vacuum circuit breaker has not due to blasting, low noise, small size, high reliability and suitability of the advantages of frequent operation is widely used. Hubei mcb circuit breaker ZW14A-12 type outdoor vacuum circuit breaker with RDCU series controller combination, form a set of computer protection, network  electric meter , CNC measurement, data logging, remote communications, such as one segment or automatic  Air circuit breaker  outdoors unattended substation provides an ideal product. Beijing Switch Factory developed ZW861-12 type column vacuum circuit breaker with C20E Intelligent Control protectors and outdoor PT combined.

As a suburban or rural substation overhead line switching control and protection

Easy to install and operate the pole circuit breaker. Mainly for urban overhead distribution lines segmented interval switching control and protection. Suburban or rural areas can also be used as an overhead line substation control and protection switching.  Voltage stabilizer  to oil-immersed  electric meter  breaking ability, oil inflammable, causing secondary disasters tend to be eliminated. After the 1980s, the use of SF6  power transformers  device with excellent performance, since the 1990s, began to adopt further operating power, long life of the vacuum interrupter. Typical pole breaker main technical parameters: Rated voltage 12kV, rated current 400,630 A, rated breaking current 6.3.

Generator Circuit Breaker If you choose incorrectly, the circuit breaker will cause serious harm

Of the problem with the continuous development of science and technology and people's safety awareness generation equipment continues to improve, the generator breaker dedicated selection and use more and more cause for concern and attention, especially for large and very large  Electric energy meter  machinery exports particular attention to the choice of the circuit breaker . If you choose incorrectly generator circuit breakers , circuit breaker itself even be connected to the generator generators and other electrical equipment circuit causing serious harm and  mcb circuit breaker  losses, such as the explosion occurred breakers , generators burned, excitation transformer and plant with variable burned and other serious accidents , and will magnify the accident . For small hydro , the past mostly use an ordinary type of oil circuit breaker , vacuum circuit breakers , SF6  Voltage stabilizer . , especially in recent years , the choice of more and more common vacuum circuit breaker , such a choice is not comply with GB GB/T14 82 4-93 " generator breaker general technical conditions" and industry standards DL42 7-91 " indoor type GCB ordering technology " requirement, does not conform to international common standards However, the parties have failed to pay sufficient attention to this cause .

Hosted within the specified time, closing and breaking currents under abnormal

Can carry, closing and breaking the normal operation of the line currents can also be carried within the stipulated time, closing and breaking currents under abnormal (such as short-circuit current) switching equipment, power system protection and operation of the major electrical devices. Circuit-breaker many different types, but  power transformers  circuit are electrically conductive, insulating support member, and the interrupter  electric meter  composed of several parts. Basic structure include: ① a conductive main circuit, through the movable contact,  Voltage stabilizer  of the contacts on the circuit implementation and isolation; ② interrupter, the circuit breaking arc generated during the sealed chamber under a high pressure in rapidly within tens of milliseconds off, cut off the circuit;

Disk drive and a floppy disk drive can be divided into hard disk drive

Read and write data on the disk of the device. Disk drive is a head, electrical, mechanical means and the write circuit, etc., which is an important part of the disk file. Since the  electric transformer  and hard of points, so the disk drive and the floppy disk drive is divided into hard disk drive. The microcomputer system, the floppy disk drive with a floppy disk can be separated, the drive permanently  power transformers  the computer chassis,  Air circuit breaker  and write data information is re-inserted into the floppy disk; the hard disk drive of the same hard disk together with the seal in a metal box and fixed on the computer chassis.

In order to evaluate the use of high-temperature logging instrument reservoir, the demand for high-temperature circuit has been very urgent

Equipped with the first commercial application of the micro-circuit logging prototype able to 527 "F temperature. Conventional logging tools because of their electronic circuit conditions at  power transformers above 356OF can not work reliably, so the temperature of up to 52" F when the use of these instruments will be greatly limited. In order to evaluate the use of high-temperature logging instrument reservoir, the demand for high-temperature circuit has been very urgent. Reliable air circuit breaker  reservoir lithology and fluid properties, in order to determine the geothermal potential production of oil and gas reservoirs in the final. Logging can also simulate reservoir, design completion programs and production  electri cenergy meter  of groundwater temperature and chemical contamination, such as providing the necessary information. This new electronic apparatus using a thick film circuit, this circuit is to special printing film resistors, conductors and dielectric inks printed on the alumina layer and made of. After one thousand ink drying, the semiconductor increases, the circuit will be sealed.

Microcircuits more susceptible East Koshigaya electromagnetic pulse damage

As microcircuits more susceptible East Koshigaya electromagnetic pulse damage, the military authorities are implementing a unified cI protection standards. Officials from the Department of Defense has been recognized in the early 1960s to the factory MP effect - a potentially devastating nuclear explosions product. In the 1980s, the Defense Department to develop a command, control, communication and intelligent  power transformers  EMP protection guidelines. Recently, the Department of Defense and the military departments to further improve instruction more rigorous, more uniform standards to increase the deterrent against EMP. One located in Kete Lan Air Force Base (NM) of the * resuie EMP M device emulator is the largest and most  electri cenergy meter . Shown preparing Bu Wei bomber * MP shielding tests. The entire structure from the ground about 12 storeys high, all from the head and fiberglass. Both aircraft were tested subject to 5 million volts occur alum stretched pulse generator simulation field effect. The pulse generator to the test bench energy is applied around the antenna. Detonated a nuclear device, will be released in two areas powerful electromagnetic energy. In the source region (closest to the explosion point) record field strength up to 100by plus.

Major record microcircuits working condition inherent thermal radiation

Currently mass-produced by electronic equipment components based hybrid circuit , integrated microcircuits and multi-layer printed circuit board so requires improved testing methods miniature . Due to the current in the development and production of microcircuits used in quality inspection method is not able to find some defects , especially some internal injury . Therefore, the hope of a new approach that primarily records microcircuits working condition inherent thermal radiation. Current  Voltage stabilizer  of a thermal imaging device an infrared scanning microscope activity model to test stick together , integrated microcircuits and  Circuit breaker  circuit board . Its main components are: the optical head on the table with the coordinates of the object to study units, the control section ,  circuit breakers  section , the power console , auto body parts and electrical code conversion , with power and temperature control part of the standard radiator . Hope satin commission by two spherical child training , punctuality decision bajia mounted lens composition of the work , its spectral range of 3 ~ G micron , magnification day twenty-one 10 times and a numerical aperture of 0.6 . Used by the receiver to 77OK indium antimonide infrared detectors , sensitive area of ​​75 x75 microns. The input window of the detector 5 is a mechanical chopper M, given the target of the infrared radiation flux fixed modulation frequency.

Biotechnology to develop the sensor, there biosensor

Sensor is an information detection, transmission devices, mainly by the sensor, transducer, testing and other components by its access to information and the transmission of information, coupled with the computer work, the outcome _ Previously, sensors sensitive materials is done by _ composed of electronic components present, the sensor to develop biotechnology, there biosensor organisms or materials  mcb circuit breaker  with the corresponding physical, chemical sensing device combination, they formed a biosensor in the late 1960s, American Scientist first, the successful development of glucose oxidase and measured oxygen  air circuit breaker  of the first bio-sensors that identify the components in order to make the enzyme, known as circuit breakers in vivo. every moment in the event of complex biochemical reactions, which have a close relationship with the enzyme enzyme, a specific protein, the catalytic role in vivo, and that each enzyme has a specific role of the object enzyme called "specificity" _ this specificity for the analysis of complex organic compounds created the preconditions.

As an important branch of biosensors, electrochemical biosensor has some significant advantages

Biosensor is an emerging discipline bioelectronics research areas is a matter of biology, chemistry, materials, physics, medicine, and nanotechnology, microelectronics, information technology and other technology, including multi-disciplinary  power transformers  areas. Whether the mechanism of biological electron systems research, or development of practical  mcb circuit breaker , biosensors have inspired widespread national researchers and lasting interest. As an important branch of biosensors,  Voltage stabilizer  biosensor has some significant advantages, such as direct access to biological molecule itself or the electronic behavior of the reaction system, easy and electronic technology combined with the development of small analysis and detection system, which showed a more predictable application prospects.

The introduction of nano-technology, research and development of biological sensors to a more advanced stage, the performance is greatly improved in terms of performance

Biosensor is a typical multidisciplinary product is to analyze the important areas of biotechnology , after 30 years of development, has become a matter of wide-ranging, multi-disciplinary and cross- intervention , full of innovation and dynamic field . Electrochemical biosensor research content is very rich, has been in a leading position in biosensors to obtain a large number of research results, and has been widely applied. The introduction of nano-technology , research and development of  mcb circuit breaker  to a more advanced stage , and in the performance greatly improved. Nanomaterials effect brought large surface area , good chemical stability and biocompatibility , high adsorption capacity and other characteristics can  power transformers  the biological sensing element of the fixed and signal amplification. In this thesis, starting from the assembly of ordered nano system , using the template method and the Seed Law , building excellent new  electri cenergy meter interface , in order to improve the efficiency of biological molecules fixed , orderly orientation and maintain good biological activity , while providing good electron transfer . Biosensor developed simple preparation method has excellent performance, good reliability , the advantages of easy regeneration .

Different support engineering should choose different types of bolt rig

Bolting Roof Bolter is the key equipment of construction, affecting their quality support and supporting the pace. Different support engineering should choose different types of bolt rig, bolt rig currently made ​​form of a single, mostly split, torque is small, the body bulky and inconvenient, and foreign imports, although Roofbolter  power transformers  and performance , but the price is expensive. With electric hydraulic technology in the field of  Voltage stabilizer  machinery applications, research a new multi-purpose hydraulic bolt rig, able to adapt to a variety of geotechnical engineering construction needs anchoring, with full hydraulic crawler, high torque.

Use the equivalent sine wave in the time domain and frequency domain equivalent circuit method Equivalent Circuit Method

The project studied load transfer capacity of the transformer principle is the use of transformer capacity and loss of the relationship between the transformer losses and the relationship between the running costs, from the "road" point of view, the use of the time-domain equivalent  mcb circuit breaker  equivalent circuit method and  electric transformer  equivalent circuit combination form of time domain - frequency domain method is applied to the transformer characteristics of deduced load transfer capacity of the transformer magnetic circuit model and the model. By changing the high and low voltage windings way linking reduce iron loss, reduced by increasing the diameter of the winding copper loss, improve resistance to overload the transformer.

Maximum output power distribution transformer, the starting period of time, the load torque becomes smaller

For pumping the load carried by the distribution transformer, the maximum load torque at the start, the maximum output power  Voltage stabilizer transformer, the starting period of time, the load torque becomes smaller, the output power distribution  mcb circuit breaker  is greatly reduced. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of pumping starter, left a large distribution transformer capacity margin. The transformer load is low rate of long-term working status, resulting in a waste of  power transformers capacity and active and reactive power losses, reducing the efficiency of the transformer, increasing the network loss. In order to reduce a pumping loss of power distribution transformers, it is necessary to use a start of pumping with a large capacity, in the normal operation pumping unit has a small capacity, the capacity to carry out the tone volume adjustment transformer.

Transformer manufacturer should find ways to reduce the dielectric strength is not the case

Kok, transformer insulation structure as an integral part of the winding end play to improve the distribution of electric field strength of the insulating effect, the stability of the technical performance of the system to ensure the reliability of the insulating  mcb circuit breaker . Electric transformer ends complicated and uneven distribution transformer manufacturer ways without lowering the dielectric strength should be the case, as far as possible to reduce the distance the end of the insulation, lower manufacturing costs, forming angle ring (hereinafter referred uniform is the angular ring) the emergence of precisely achieve this functionality. Kok raw material selection, processing, production and  power transformers are affected Kok insulation performance, the technical parameters of the important factors that become critical to ensure the safe operation of the transformer, so the ring in the corner to take the whole manufacturing process quality control measures to ensure that products quality defect. Supporting ring is mounted using a transformer winding end portion is uneven field, improve its insulation strength is the main way to improve field conditions.

Power transformer condition assessment, fault diagnosis and fault prediction

Research power transformer fault diagnosis method for improving power system security and reliability of decisive significance, but also has important theoretical value and broad application prospect. Power transformer fault diagnosis  mcb circuit breaker  power transformer condition assessment, fault diagnosis and fault prediction. Data for the power transformer fault diagnosis of small samples, poor information characteristics, study the theory of intelligent information  electric transformer  main power transformer fault diagnosis method, the main research contents: intelligent information processing method of key technologies. In the study analyzed the key  Voltage stabilizer intelligent information processing theory, based on the proposed intelligent information processing theory to the main line of the power transformer fault diagnosis technology solutions. Power transformer condition assessment algorithm. Determine the power transformer condition assessment index system based on cloud model study whitening weight function of gray clustering analysis and improved combined weighted gray target theory of power transformer condition assessment model, a priori knowledge and experimental analysis through joint optimization of cloud model parameters, research at normal power transformers for the bull's-eye of the improved data weighted gray target theory algorithms, optimization status classification.

Power transformer malfunction and have hidden faults

Summed power transformer malfunction and have hidden faults is demonstrated when various anomalies, for the study of power transformer fault location method provides practical basis. Analysis of power transformer fault detection technology, to  air circuit breaker  the power transformer internal fault detection and effective way. The use of fault tree analysis techniques (FTA) to build a power transformer  power transformers  fault classification tree model, will be introduced into electric power transformer fault localization studies. Study the characteristics of ant colony algorithm, principles, algorithms and implementation process model. Pheromone ant colony algorithm, the information heuristic function factor, the number of ants, ant colony algorithm expectations inspired performance factors on the impact of simulation studies.

Operating status of power transformers in the power system security and reliability has a pivotal position

Operating status of power transformers in the power system security and reliability has a pivotal position. Power transformers in operation in the event of damage  air circuit breaker , will directly affect the power grid, causing huge economic losses. Papers for the power transformer fault characteristics were studied based on ant colony  Electric energy meter  the power transformer fault localization method to achieve with less cost, more quickly and accurately detect the power transformer fault. Specific research work is as follows: For the common faults of power transformers, power transformers a lot of trouble for analysis.

Long period of low rate of transformer load loss caused by working status

For pumping the load carried by the distribution transformer, the maximum load torque at the start, the maximum output power distribution transformer, the starting period of time, the load torque becomes smaller, the output power distribution transformer is greatly reduced. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of pumping starter, left a large distribution transformer capacity margin. The transformer load is low rate of long-term working status, resulting in a waste of  air circuit breaker and active and reactive power losses, reducing the efficiency of the transformer, increasing the network loss. In order to reduce a pumping loss of power distribution transformers, it is necessary to use a start of pumping with a  power transformers , in the normal operation pumping unit has a small capacity, the capacity to carry out the tone volume adjustment transformer. The project studied load transfer capacity of the transformer principle is the use of  Electric transformer  capacity and loss of the relationship between the transformer losses and the relationship between the running costs, from the "road" point of view, the use of the time-domain equivalent sine wave the equivalent circuit method and frequency-domain equivalent circuit combination form of time domain - frequency domain method is applied to the transformer characteristics of deduced load transfer capacity of the transformer magnetic circuit model and the model.

No power supply unit and difficult to test

Petersen coil compensated power voltage characteristic is essential in the actual operation of the tuning parameters. Power plant or in the installation and commissioning of power  mcb circuit breaker  Petersen coil before they are made ​​on the arc suppression coil voltage characteristic tests. In the past, the majority of power plants with a separate generator for arc suppression coil test power supply is really not  electri cenergy meter . For Power Supply Bureau, the absence of the power unit and difficult to test. To solve this problem, through the practice of using the power  Circuit breaker  transformers for trial to test the arc suppression coil voltage characteristics. If the arc suppression coil volt-ampere characteristics of a good, then the rated phase voltage, should be a linear relationship. Conversely near the rated phase voltage, appeared bent.

When used by the line current, lightning over-voltage shock

Is a stationary electrical distribution transformers. Although the mechanical structure, insulated handle other aspects of general electrical have in common, but because of the rated voltage of the transformer is often very high, especially when used by the line current, lightning over-voltage shock is very likely, if the design or  electric transformer  structure often will result in defective risk of burning. A  electri cenergy meter  often the total transmission and distribution wires road hub, in the event of an accident, it will produce serious consequences. Furthermore transformer parallel operation is often used to ask the parallel operation of two transformers in performance with some of the same points, so the transformer impedance, voltage than the poor.

Modest changes in operating voltage, so the loss can be considered as a fixed value

Transformer loss is a load loss (also called fixed losses) and the load loss (also called change loss) of two parts. No-load loss and operating voltage proportional to the square, the modest changes in the operating voltage, so the loss can be  air circuit breaker  as a fixed value, so that the fixed losses; load carried by the transformer loss is proportional to the square of the actual load, due to the general use  power transformers  load is constantly changing, so called variable losses. Comprehensive loss of the transformer may be the capacity of the transformer, voltage transformer load rate, load current, impedance voltage, power factor and the use of time and other parameters, obtained by calculation.

Adjust the tap should be first exit from the grid transformer

Distribution transformer no-load voltage regulation system, so adjust the tap should be first out of the transformer from the grid, to ensure that no power distribution  mcb circuit breaker , and make the appropriate security measures. (2) Unscrew the weatherproof cover the head screws, remove  power transformers . (3) before switching tap tap to see the location of each marker to distinguish gear. There are three general distribution transformers gear: 2 (Ⅱ) block represents the distribution transformer rated voltage, 1 (Ⅰ) distribution transformer block represents 105% of the rated voltage, 3 (Ⅲ) block represents 95% of the rated voltage distribution transformers .

Management and technical reasons, there parallel operation of transformer tap different gear

To meet the need for increased electricity consumption, increasing distribution transformer (hereinafter referred to as the transformer) for parallel operation, economical, convenient and flexible, is the user's choice. However, due to administrative and technical reasons, there paralleled transformer tap different gear, causing the transformer ratio is not equal to the economic impact of transformer operation and safety, resulting in accidents, should be noted. Ectopic reasons tap  electri cenergy meter  parallel operation three necessary conditions are variable ratio equal, the same  power transformers , impedance voltage percentile equal, in which connection group in the transformer factory has been fixed, and tap gear the change will result in changes in variable ratio, once the parallel operation of  Voltage stabilizer tap switch gear are different, it will cause a transformation ratio is not equal. Old transformer tap position inconsistent transformer tap general points high, medium and low-grade, the new transformer factory is generally fixed at mid-range, and has been running since adjusting the voltage transformers and other reasons, it is not necessarily tap gear in the mid-range, and in the new transformer installation and test, without the transformer tap position for verification, they will be put into operation.

Functionally graded piezoelectric material and related functionally graded piezoelectric bending drive

However, in practice the process of preparing the drive, a continuous distribution of the material component is difficult, replaced by a multilayer structure. In this paper, tape casting process to prepare a series of functionally graded  electric meter  material and related  Voltage stabilizer graded piezoelectric bending drive. The main contents include: the use of conventional solid phase synthesis method to prepare based piezoelectric ceramic powders; right PNN-PZT-based  circuit breakers ceramic powder slurry was cast performance studies; tape casting process used to prepare a series of casting sheet; Preparation piezoelectric properties and dielectric properties of a gradient in the thickness direction changes functionally graded piezoelectric material;

Developed a functionally graded piezoelectric actuators

Commonly used in the current construction of a piezoelectric single-, dual-chip driver at the interface between the layers stress concentration, resulting in the adhesive layer easily at a low temperature cracking, creep under high temperature, air circuit breaker  the life of the component. With different performance series PNN-PZ-PT material developed a functionally graded piezoelectric drive can overcome these  electric meter . In order to make a functionally graded piezoelectric drive gets large bending deflection, we need to high-voltage, low Voltage stabilizer  high strain piezoelectric material and low voltage, high dielectric properties combined with low strain piezoelectric material, and properties of the material composition and changes in the thickness direction of the gradient.

Bonding at the interface have a greater stress concentration generated discontinuous

Piezoelectric single bimorph drive applications that require a large displacement output, the conventional drive is the one or two piezoelectric layer bonded to a metal formed on the spacer layer. On the one hand, the low adhesion strength of the interface; other hand, since the piezoelectric layer gasket and the different nature of the material, at the interface of the adhesive have a greater stress concentration  air circuit breaker . Bonding stress concentration at the interface and weaken the structure of a piezoelectric single-chip dual-drive cycle of the main excitation are destroyed. In order to improve the life of the bending drive, the drive RAINBOW proposed. By chemical reduction method was prepared under the high   electric transformer    spacer layer, the spacer layer and the piezoelectric layer is made of a combination of chemical methods, at the interface so that a higher strength. However, due to material properties of the stress caused by discontinuity  mcb circuit breaker  situation has not been alleviated. FGM is based on the application requirements, choose from a variety of different properties of the material, the application of advanced composite technology, the material composition and structure of the middle part was a continuous gradient.

Input hysteresis nonlinear dynamical systems

As nanoscience and nanotechnology, the rapid development of micro-displacement piezoelectric actuator platform has become microscopic precision manufacturing equipment operation and processing to achieve a core component. However, piezoelectric actuators  Voltage stabilizer  hysteresis effect exists, it will cause the system accuracy tolerance, easy to produce oscillations, and even closed-loop system is unstable. In addition, micro-displacement piezoelectric actuator platform containing input Circuit breaker  dynamical systems, the existing mathematical model can not accurately describe the dynamics of this complex, resulting in precise  Electric transformer  model-based control and optimization strategies difficult to use. This controller is designed to compensate the hysteresis has brought great challenges. In this dissertation PZT micro-displacement platform object-depth study of nonlinear hysteresis compensation control theory and methods, aimed at eliminating piezoelectric actuator hysteresis effect on the driving accuracy, driving the piezoelectric ceramic micro-displacement nanometer precision motion control platform, expanding piezoelectric actuators in precision manufacturing equipment application.

Can be driven by a low voltage, the ambient temperature is lower requirements

Giant magnetostrictive material (Giant MagnetostrictiveMaterial, GMM) drive has made ​​telescopic coefficient, output power, fast response, high accuracy and other characteristics, and the ability driven by a low voltage, the ambient temperature requirements are also low. Mainly used in precision engineering fields, such as ultra-precision  air circuit breaker , robotics displacement regulators, etc., can be precise and fast positioning, increase power output, with a high application value. In practical applications, the dynamic control of the actuator between the input current and output displacement exhibit significant non-linearity and the inherent  Electric transformer  of the material brought hysteresis nature. However, the implementation is applied at a low driving current, and quasi-static, since the magnetization process GMM mandrel may be similar to a static  electric meter , it is not significant hysteresis. On this occasion, the use of a GMM in the linear region, the input current and output displacement showed a linear relationship. However, due to the linear region of the smaller range, GMM trip shorter, so in some of the larger range of travel requirements of the occasion, such as high speed milling and hybrid motor design, the input current must be increased, increasing the itinerary.

Ultra-precision electromechanical systems to further improve the accuracy fast motion

Ultra-precision micro-displacement piezoelectric drive platform as a variety of modern microelectronics manufacturing equipment, a core component of its R & D directly affect the level of national electronic information industry's technological progress. However, the inherent piezoelectric actuator hysteresis characteristics, causes a serious decline in system accuracy, and even lead to instability of the closed-loop system. Therefore, in order to further improve the ultra-precision  Electric energy meter  precision electromechanical systems, nano-processing and operations to meet the requirements of the urgent need to study hysteresis compensation control theory and method. This paper studies the piezoelectric  Voltage stabilizer  compensation fuzzy control method, the design of two-dimensional parallel micro-moving platform, using a multi-input single-output fuzzy system for piezoelectric  power transformers  characteristics of modeling, real-time simulation system is constructed, on this basis, to achieve a hysteresis compensation fuzzy control experiments to determine the equivalent. First, the use of composite double parallel bar type flexure hinge mechanism, designed with a very low degree of coupling of the two-dimensional motion parallel micro-moving platform, its structural optimization calculations and finite element analysis using EDM wire cutting is completed, to achieve the relevant testing and experiments.

Superfine grain size is reduced into the mill, to achieve more crushing less grinding most direct means

More crushing less grinding is home to beneficiation industry recognized an effective way of energy saving and superfine grain size is reduced into the mill, to achieve more crushing less grinding most direct means. Since the loop superfine mill product size can be broken down to 4mm. In this thesis, the theory and crushing equipment prototype test  electric meter  in-depth study, to improve the mill processing capacity, reduce over crushed, full use of resources and improve the economic efficiency of enterprises has important significance. Since the circulation of Kunming  air circuit breaker ultrafine mill is an efficient low developed patented new device. It uses the binder layer crushing, secondary crushing full use of the energy. Ore in the small roller outer wall and the inner wall of a large drum  electri cenergy meter  composed of automatic cycle, has been repeatedly broken. Device uses a clever forced discharging device, discharging material against water, mud affected. In the self-circulation superfine mill design and manufacturing based on a medium-pressure material layer crushing theoretical research, experimental research and broken particle size characteristics and regularity of power investigated crushing pressure, exhaust mine clearance, a small roller speed processing capability for self-circulation ultrafine grinding mill performance.

Piezo linear drive mechanism and the rotary drive mechanism piezoelectric

Inertial the analysis of the current status of the piezoelectric actuator based on the proposed piezoelectric bimorph transducer element as the driving force, by controlling the moving mechanism and the support surface between the positive pressure on the friction ordered changes in the formation of directional movement novel piezoelectric drive. Based on this method, the design of the linear piezoelectric drive mcb circuit breaker and the rotary type piezoelectric drive mechanism. Specific studies are as follows: Through the analysis of the characteristics of piezoelectric material, indicating bimorph can be used as the basic element to achieve inertial impaction. Discusses the use of piezoelectric bimorph vibrator  circuit breakers positive pressure changes inertial piezoelectric drive mechanism of the structure and drive mechanism, the kinematic characteristics were analyzed. Analyzed by the finite element software vibrator vibrator structural parameters on the ends of the static deformation and natural frequency; Voltage stabilizer and experimental testing of two analytical methods for the selected bimorph vibrator were static and dynamic characterization. Tested by experiment, select the appropriate sector of the piezoelectric actuator drive power signal; analyzes the drive supply voltage, operating frequency, and the speed and load on the body of step rule, proposed control method.

Achieve the same level control system can guarantee minimum phase system

Because piezoelectric material according to the applied voltage to produce a corresponding deformation of the regulator as desired (actuator), the piezoelectric material in the deformation corresponding to the voltage generated as ideal sensor (sensor). Vibration suppression of the flexible structure, shape control, they want the piezoelectric  electric transformer  in the same location. Studies have shown that this approach can achieve the same level control system to ensure the system is minimum phase. Prevent the control, the number of vibration modes due to  mcb circuit breaker error generated, vibration may cause overflow (spillover) phenomenon, thereby to ensure  Voltage stabilizer  Therefore, it was proposed to sensors, actuators do in a piezoelectric material, so that the piezoelectric sensors and actuators can be in the same position. This method is called self-induction regulator (self-sensing ac-tuator). However, this method is in practice difficult to achieve.

Research Status and piezoelectric actuator control system applied research

Studied the characteristics of piezoelectric actuators, applications, research status and application of piezoelectric actuator control system of the status quo. Studied the piezo inertial drive designs theoretical basis. Select the piezoelectric stack vibrator driven element, made ​​symmetrical electrical excitation  electric transformer  stack vibrator by controlling friction and inertia changes with the driving force of an orderly, drive the piezoelectric inertial  mcb circuit breaker  program. Design of flexible hinge adjustment mechanism to adjust the angle for the piezoelectric stack, thereby improving exercise performance piezo inertial drive. While selecting V-rail piezo inertial drive for the design,  electric meter and V guideways. These basic research work is based on V-rail piezoelectric stack inertia driver designed to provide a theoretical basis. Designed based on the V-rail piezoelectric stack inertial drives, developed experimental prototype, the basic performance of the prototype tests carried out relevant tests.

Theory and Two piezoelectric ceramic transducer mechanism and characteristics

Tests showed that the design of linear and rotary piezoelectric actuators to achieve the micro-nanometer positioning accuracy. The main contents are as follows: firstly analyzes the domestic and international research piezoelectric actuator status and application prospects, made ​​of piezoelectric self-sensing control technology  mcb circuit breaker h piezoelectric self-sensing inertial drive. Theoretical analysis of the piezoelectric ceramic transducer and two-way mechanism and characteristics in piezoelectric equations, and piezoelectric transducer bidirectional  electric meter matrix for the application of piezoelectric ceramics provide a theoretical basis.  air circuit breaker a piezoelectric wafer transducer finite element analysis model, theoretical analysis of piezoelectric wafer vibrator vibration mode piezoelectric output is the inverse piezoelectric characteristics and output characteristics.

Just drive the piezoelectric wafer using a pair of directional movement oscillator can generate

Self-induced inertial piezoelectric drive for the study, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, National 863 Program, analyzed the application of signal generating circuit is relatively simple symmetrical wave excitation signal transducer piezoelectric wafer mcb circuit breaker movement of the drive inertial impact sports mechanism. Inertial impact principle design based on a novel linear and  Air circuit breaker movement to achieve two inertial impact piezoelectric drive, the drive is simply using a pair of  Voltage stabilizer wafer oscillator can generate directional movement, simple mechanical structure. Chip oscillator piezoelectric vibration control of the initiative to improve the self-sensing piezo inertial drive positioning accuracy.

Vacuum interrupter for the vacuum circuit breaker in the heart of its nerve center actuator

Medium voltage vacuum circuit breaker technology and vacuum breakers are generally made ​​of a conductive arc system, body, conveyance systems and actuator components. Wherein the vacuum interrupter chamber of vacuum circuit breakers in the heart of its nerve center actuator, both vital to the vacuum breaker. Medium voltage vacuum circuit breaker block diagram. Vacuum circuit breakers have decades of  Voltage stabilizer history, becoming the dominant medium voltage indoor products, production, new  power transformers  to emerge. Now indoor vacuum circuit breaker has formed a huge model system, there are hundreds of models. For ease of understanding, this article from product development, structure evolution and product type etc. is analyzed as follows. From the past, present, and will be run, which can be  mcb circuit breaker  four stages: the initial stages of development; development stage; improvement phase; module intelligent stage. First stage: the early stage of development during this period, the use of copper contact materials such as bismuth, breaking, fight wear and other properties are poor, performance is not stable enough, stop only at the level of 20kA or less, compared with less oil circuit breakers , no significant advantages. It uses actuator, either electromagnetic or spring mechanism, to reach 10,000 times life has a greater degree of difficulty.

Used with angle iron and welded steel plate bottom with wheels

Single-phase indoor high voltage vacuum circuit breaker is a railway electrification equipment. The level of advanced technology products in the domestic leading position, at an altitude of 3000 meters for the following areas. The circuit breaker is a handcart, the handcart with angle iron and welded steel plate bottom with wheels,  mcb circuit breaker , there are special plug into the outlet, the secondary loop can be remote operation, the same type of trolley can be interchanged and running safe, reliable, easy maintenance, reasonable structure, beautiful  Voltage stabilizer . For railway and have frequent occasion to meet off the capacitor bank and other characteristics, ease of construction operations. The product through the machine, Ministry of Railways joint identification is to fill the gaps in the new product, has been used in a large number of electrified railway.

Breaker with the new substation secondary system connected

Vacuum circuit breakers are widely used in electric railway traction substation, opening and closing with the partition. To strengthen professional training facilities, colleges configured the model circuit breakers, used to simulate the traction substation feeder circuit breaker and  Voltage stabilizer  the circuit breaker operation and control. 2010 These circuit breakers with the new substation secondary system  air circuit breaker  traction substation practical teaching. This model breaker body is set on a "remote / local" control mode switch. During a maintenance test, when this switch in the "local" bit operation, the circuit breaker tripping. After  circuit breakers , the original of this switch is not wired. Recovery wiring then "local" bit operation, the control panel found that the position of the circuit breaker on the corresponding LED is off, light plate light "control loop break," Computer Protection issued a "soft alarm." This seriously affects the normal surveillance equipment, easily cause misjudgment. At this point, we estimate that the construction is likely to eliminate this anomaly, intentionally missed the switch.

Targeted deployment of the addition of a new substation to ensure the transmission efficiency and the reliability and quality of electricity

Emergence of a group smelter, stone plants and other industries. Result of the township's electricity load increased steadily, the old substation can not adapt to new developments gradually. Faced with this situation, on one hand, the old 10KV and 35KV substation were compatibilizer and equipment renewal, on the one hand and  electri cenergy meter  of the addition of new transmission substations to ensure the efficiency and the reliability and quality of electricity. Part of the update in the device, the previous old oil circuit breakers used in substations been replaced (replaced by a vacuum circuit breaker), as the output of the substation,  power transformers , the circuit breaker is a very important device. After years of practice, summed up the old oil production to gradually adapt to the circuit breaker can not be new developments and needs, compared to the oil circuit  Circuit breaker  circuit breakers, there are some technical weaknesses not only there is a big security risk. Replace the vacuum circuit breaker has a great need for oil circuit breaker. Oil circuit breaker working principle and characteristics of oil circuit breaker when the contacts are separated, so that the contacts quickly immersed in a oil-filled cylinder body to cut off the oil passage to extinguish the arc.

Current manufacturing artificial current zero crossing will be very difficult

An important difference is that the former use of artificial zero-crossing method, the vacuum on the contacts current zero extinguish the arc, which is borrowed from the natural  Electric energy meter current arc. Although there has been applied to the VCB AC power system technology has matured, but it does not solve the current high rate of rise of the power system short-circuit current breaking issues. Since ACVCB is rated opening distance (a few millimeters to tens of millimeters) under breaking, usually takes a  electric meter  to tens of milliseconds, when the DC short circuit current rise rate 20A/μs when the short-circuit current  lectri cenergy meter will reach 100kA or more. Accordingly, to such a high current manufacturing artificial current zero will be very difficult, if achieved, will also lose the breaking limit of significance. A small opening in breaking away from the direct short-circuit current high rate of rise can be a good solution to the problem of excessive current. But a small opening under vacuum from the media recovery, but it is restricting the application of the method of the key issues. - At present, domestic and foreign media for the recovery characteristics of vacuum almost always based on a few millimeters to tens of millimeters at rated basis.

Suitable for switching capacitor banks requires a dedicated vacuum circuit breaker

Universal vacuum circuit breaker switching in the field generated when heavy breakdown, resulting in over-voltage is high, resulting in reactive power compensation device is not working safely. Therefore, the market urgently needs to be suitable  air circuit breaker dedicated vacuum circuit breaker, which requires both versatility and also specificity. In response to these problems, Daquan Group Co., Ltd. successfully developed a "40.5kV switching capacitor banks dedicated vacuum circuit breakers" that can effectively improve the quality of the power grid, with the following features.  power transformers  banks with very low of renewed to meet the requirements of C2 class vacuum circuit breakers. Mechanical life up to 30,000 times, to meet the requirements of M2-stage vacuum breaker. 30 times with a short-circuit current breaking capacity.

Commonly used interrupter circuit breaker switching capacitor does not conform

High reactive power compensation device has been widely used in power systems, as reactive power compensation to improve power factor, reduce losses, stabilize the voltage has been very common, requiring a circuit breaker switching capacitor banks frequently operate 30 times a day or more, but the domestic production of vacuum  air circuit breaker  40.5kV vacuum circuit  mcb circuit breaker  of basic performance reached this product development needs, usually used interrupter circuit breaker switching  Air circuit breaker does not conform to the requirements of domestic and no similar special vacuum circuit breakers, foreign using products such as ABB HD4 SF6 gas insulated to meet with, but the price is high and not environmentally friendly.

Cast resin dry type transformer noise pollution problems

Based on the basis of environmental protection, from cast resin dry type transformer component materials, operation, recycling point of view to analyze problems, and also studied cast resin dry type transformer noise pollution problem, the maximum extent  electri cenergy meter  cast dry-type transformers to meet environmental characteristics. Cast resin dry type  Voltage stabilizer constituent materials epoxy cast dry-type  electric meter  mainly by electromagnetic copper and aluminum materials, insulation materials and epoxy material. Epoxy resin as a flame retardant, fire, easily recyclable materials, its application greatly accelerate the development of dry-type transformers.

Run environmentally friendly epoxy cast dry-type transformers to the rapid development

With power generation and electricity consumption increased rapidly, dry-type transformers in China has been rapid development, especially with the national scientific development concept and the ideas of the sustainable development, with excellent performance and  air circuit breaker  friendly epoxy cast dry run transformers to rapid development. Cast resin dry type transformer is a kind of good flame resistance, reliability and easy Circuit breaker  of electrical  power transformers  in the sea oil systems, electrical systems, and many other aspects of a more broad application, especially in recent public environmental heightened awareness, cast resin dry type transformer applications are gaining more rapid development.

Transformation and cast resin dry type epoxy resin dry type transformer wrapping

Dry-type transformers are insulated with NOMEX paper is impregnated with resin dry type transformer and cast resin insulation dry-type epoxy transformation and wrap dry change. The former is a non-locked-in type, the latter two are locked-in type. For temperature  Voltage stabilizer , non-encapsulation type is mainly by convection and radiation to heat directly into the atmosphere, and the encapsulation type must first heat conduction through the way, the heat transmitted through the resin  circuit breakers  the winding, winding temperature difference between the surface of the resin can not be ignored Therefore, the second method is particularly suitable for cast resin dry type transformer temperature rise. That the winding Heat is  Electric energy meter  the surface by heat conduction, mainly by convection and radiation and scattered into the air, therefore, temperature rise should include two parts, heat conduction and convection.

Improved cast resin dry type transformer short circuit ability

Dry-type transformer short-circuit test problems were analyzed simultaneously proposed to improve the cast resin dry type transformer short-circuit capacity improvement measures. Short circuit test problems high dry-type transformers, low voltage winding their way around the system, and whether pouring classification, and a table of high and low voltage dry-type  mcb circuit breaker  can be used arbitrarily high and low voltage circuit breakers  form of combination. Respect for these combinations will dry type transformer short circuit test problems are summarized below. Dry-type  Voltage stabilizer  wrapped inspection classified substandard products accounted for about 6%. Symptom is winding displacement, eccentric, and even high and low voltage windings was smooth, counterclockwise rotation.

Discrete electronic components, impact fast transients

Then this technology in terms of performance using discrete components and error control and other aspects greatly step forward, high precision, small size, multi-function, performance, quality, reliability and easy operation and maintenance,  air circuit breaker , and achieved good economic and social benefits. The basic error of temperature controller temperature controller error sources are many, are: discrete electronic components, impact fast transients, spatial frequency, power transformers  power interruption, power supply voltage decreases, series mode interference and common mode  Voltage stabilizer  electronic components thermal noise, time drift, temperature drift, quantify and jitter. The error sources in the electronic components of the basic error caused by discrete adjustment potentiometer is often used approach.

Production of dry-type transformers

Dry-type power transformers are widely used in all walks of life in the city has basically replaced the oil-immersed transformers, dry type power transformers in order to ensure safe operation, and do not need special maintenance and management personnel, dry type power transformers need to configure the temperature Tour electri cenergy meter control device (referred temperature controller). However, when the country can  electric meter  transformers, it was not producing  Air circuit breaker  device, rely on imports. Until 1992 domestic production began, then uses a discrete component technology, performance is poor, less functional, low precision, bulky, high failure rate, operation trouble. If using chip technology made ​​into a dry-type transformer intelligent temperature controller.

Ensure dry type power transformers do not need special maintenance and management

Single-chip intelligent control technology made ​​into dry-type transformer temperature controller, than using discrete components in terms of performance and error control techniques such as a step forward, high precision, small size, multi-function, performance, quality, reliability and operating easy maintenance. Measurement, control  Electric energy meter principle whether the normal safe operation, is known for its winding temperature rise to decide. Dry-type transformers are three-phase, and the A-phase, B-phase and C phase three windings, each phase  mcb circuit breaker  to keep temperature, dry-type power transformers in order to ensure safe operation, and do not need special maintenance management, you need to configure the temperature patrol control instrument (referred temperature controller).

With epoxy cast dry-type power transformers with explosion-proof, flame retardant

Mine is currently widely used in oil-immersed transformer has many deficiencies. With the development of science and technology, new materials, new technology emerging, with cast resin dry type power  air circuit breaker  with explosion-proof, flame retardant, moisture, can be at 100% humidity environment safe operation, no pollution, anti short circuit, resistant to lightning impulse, strong overload capacity, low energy, low noise, small size, light weight, economic and Voltage stabilizer  performance, etc.,  circuit breakers  replace oil-immersed transformers. In the coal power system, reliability of supply are higher, the temperature rise is epoxy cast dry-type transformer applications in mines of the key issues to be addressed.